Kissing spines is impingement (when the bones are touching) or overriding (when the bones overlap) dorsal spinous processes (IDSP/ODSP), is a prevalent equine condition that has increasingly come under scrutiny among veterinarians, equine professionals and horse owners.
Let's explore the science behind the condition, and delve into how proper Saddle Fit and Physical Therapy can play pivotal roles in managing and potentially alleviating its symptoms.
This blog aims to educate and reassure horse owners that a diagnosis of kissing spines is not the end of the world, but a condition that can be managed effectively with the right approach.
What Are Kissing Spines in Horses?
Kissing spines occur when the dorsal spinous processes, which are the upward projections of the vertebrae, come into close contact or touch each other. This condition is most commonly found in the thoracic vertebrae, specifically between T10 and T18.
The contact or "kissing" of these bones can cause significant pain, discomfort, and behavioral issues in horses due to inflammation and associated muscle tension.
Understanding the Thoracic Vertebrae
The thoracic vertebrae are part of the vertebral column located in the horse's back. In total, a horse has 18 thoracic vertebrae, each associated with a pair of ribs. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T18, starting from the withers (the highest part of the back at the base of the neck) and extending towards the middle of the back, just before the lumbar vertebrae begin.
Location and Function: The thoracic vertebrae are crucial as they provide support for the ribcage and protect the spinal cord. The dorsal spinous processes of these vertebrae are the prominent, upward-pointing projections that can be felt along the horse's back.
Saddle Placement: The area where kissing spines typically occur (T10 to T18) is directly under where the saddle sits. This region bears the weight of the rider and saddle, making it particularly susceptible to issues if there is uneven pressure or an ill-fitting saddle.
The Impact of Kissing Spines
When the dorsal spinous processes touch or overlap, it leads to several problems:
Pain and Discomfort: The contact between the bones causes inflammation and pain, which can lead to muscle tension and spasms in the surrounding area.
Behavioral Changes: Due to the pain, horses may exhibit behavioural changes such as resistance to being saddled or ridden, unwillingness to move forward, or even aggressive reactions.
Performance Issues: Horses with kissing spines often struggle with performance, showing stiffness, reluctance to bend, difficulty in transitions, and an inability to maintain a correct posture or outline.
The Science Behind Kissing Spines
The exact cause of kissing spines is not entirely understood, but several factors can contribute to its development:
Conformation: Certain conformational traits, such as a long back or high withers, can predispose a horse to developing kissing spines.
Trauma or Injury: Previous injuries or repetitive strain on the back can lead to changes in the spine.
Poor Saddle Fit: Ill-fitting saddles can exacerbate or even cause spinal issues by creating uneven pressure and discomfort.
Genetics: Some horses may have a genetic predisposition to developing spinal abnormalities.
Typical Signs of Kissing Spines
The signs of kissing spines can be subtle and non-specific, but may include:
Discomfort During Grooming and Saddling: The horse may show signs of discomfort, such as shifting weight, pulling faces, or biting, when being groomed over the back or when pressure is applied, such as when the saddle is put on or girthed up.
Changes in Temperament: The horse's normal temperament and demeanour may change when working or being prepared to work.
Mounting Difficulties: The horse may become difficult to mount, refusing to stand still, running backwards or forwards when the rider’s weight is added.
Stiffness and Unwillingness: When being worked, the horse may show signs of stiffness through the back, may be unwilling or unable to work ‘on the bit’, preferring a hollow or constantly changing outline, or repeatedly tossing its head.
Transition Struggles: The horse may struggle to make transitions between the paces or within a pace, dropping behind the rider’s leg, and showing a reluctance to go forwards with impulsion.
Behavioural Reactions: The horse may buck, rear, run away, kick out, or repeatedly shy.
Canter Issues: Canter is often a key indicator of kissing spines, with many horses struggling to pick up the correct lead or maintain a true three-beat canter, tending to break or go disunited instead.
Loss of Muscle Mass: A horse with kissing spines is likely to show a loss of muscle mass across its topline.
Reluctance to Roll or Lie Down: Horses may also be reluctant to roll or lie down.
It is noteworthy that some horses live with indications of kissing spines shown on X-rays without showing signs of discomfort and have a successful working life without requiring any veterinary intervention.
Keeping a note of any changes you notice so you can share this detailed history with a vet is key so they can form part of the discussion prior to diagnosis. If your horse is showing a combination of the signs above, we recommend working with your vet, physical therapist, saddle fitter and your trainer together to identify the source of the issue as soon as possible.
Saddle Fit: A Key Component in Managing Kissing Spines
Proper saddle fit is paramount in managing and preventing kissing spines. A well-fitting saddle distributes the rider's weight evenly across the horse's back, reducing pressure points that can lead to pain and discomfort. The saddle should allow for free movement of the horse's shoulders and spine, promoting a natural range of motion.
Pros of Proper Saddle Fit
Prevents Pressure Points: Even weight distribution prevents localised pressure that can exacerbate spinal issues.
Improves Performance: Horses with well-fitting saddles tend to perform better, as they are not hindered by discomfort.
Reduces Behavioural Issues: Many behavioural problems stem from pain. Addressing saddle fit can alleviate these issues.
Cons of Improper Saddle Fit
Increases Pain: Poorly fitting saddles can increase pressure on the dorsal spinous processes, worsening the condition.
Limits Movement: A saddle that restricts movement can exacerbate muscle tension and discomfort.
Long-term Damage: Chronic use of an ill-fitting saddle can lead to long-term musculoskeletal issues.
The Role of Physical Therapy in Treating Kissing Spines
Physical therapy is another crucial aspect of managing kissing spines, focusing on relieving pain and improving mobility. Physical therapy for horses with kissing spines involves a variety of techniques aimed at reducing pain and inflammation, improving muscle function, and enhancing overall mobility.
Techniques can include:
Physical Therapy: Helps in relieving muscle tension and improving circulation.
Stretching Exercises: Promote flexibility and reduce stiffness.
Red Light Therapy: Can be used to reduce inflammation and pain.
Strengthening Exercises: Focus on building core strength to support the spine.
Pros of Physiotherapy
Pain Relief: Regular physical therapy sessions can significantly reduce pain and improve the horse's quality of life.
Improves Mobility: Techniques such as stretching and massage help in maintaining and improving the horse's range of motion.
Prevents Secondary Issues: Addressing muscular imbalances and tension can prevent the development of secondary musculoskeletal issues.
Cons of Physiotherapy
Requires Consistency: Benefits of physical therapy are seen over time and require consistent sessions.
May Not Be a Cure: While physical therapy can manage symptoms, it may not completely resolve the underlying issue of kissing spines.
Additional Strategies for Managing Kissing Spines
Veterinary Interventions
Medications: Anti-inflammatory drugs and/or injections can help reduce pain and inflammation.
Surgical Options: Procedures such as Interspinous Ligament Desmotomy (ISLD) or partial resection of the dorsal spinous processes can be considered in severe cases.
Exercise and Conditioning Programs
Core Strengthening: Exercises that build core muscles, such as belly lifts and carrot stretches, provide better support for the spine.
Groundwork and Pole Work: Encourages correct posture and strengthens back muscles.
Nutritional Support
Supplements: Joint supplements and anti-inflammatory supplements can support overall health and reduce inflammation.
Adjustments in Workload and Riding
Workload Management: Gradually reduce the intensity and duration of work to avoid exacerbating the condition.
Rider Balance and Technique: Maintaining a balanced seat minimises undue pressure on the horse’s back.
Regular Monitoring and Adjustments
Frequent Check-ups: Regular veterinary check-ups and periodic saddle fittings ensure the horse’s condition is monitored and managed effectively.
Behavioural Monitoring: Close monitoring of the horse’s behaviour allows for timely intervention if discomfort or pain is detected.
FAQs About Kissing Spines
What are the signs of kissing spines in horses?
Common signs include back pain, stiffness, resistance to being saddled or ridden, changes in behaviour, and poor performance.
How is kissing spines diagnosed?
A veterinarian can diagnose kissing spines through a combination of physical examination, X-rays, and sometimes other imaging techniques such as ultrasound.
Can kissing spines be cured?
While there is no absolute cure, kissing spines can be managed effectively with a combination of treatments including proper saddle fit, physical therapy, medication, and sometimes surgery.
Is it possible to prevent kissing spines?
Proper saddle fit, regular veterinary check-ups, and maintaining good overall health and conditioning of the horse can help reduce the risk of developing kissing spines.
How long does it take to see improvements with physical therapy?
Improvements can vary, but consistent physical therapy sessions over several weeks to months are typically needed to see significant changes.
Conclusion
Managing kissing spines in horses requires a multifaceted approach that includes veterinary interventions, exercise programs, nutritional support, and adjustments in riding and workload. By combining these strategies with proper saddle fit and physical therapy, horse owners can significantly improve the quality of life and performance of horses affected by kissing spines.
At The Saddle Fitting Therapist, we emphasize the importance of a team approach involving veterinarians, saddle fitters, physical therapists, farriers, and other equine professionals to develop and maintain an effective management plan tailored to each individual horse.
Remember, a diagnosis of kissing spines is not the end of the world, with the right care and management, your horse can lead a comfortable and productive life.
For more information on how proper Saddle Fit and Physical Therapy can help your horse, and to schedule a consultation, please contact us at The Saddle Fitting Therapist. Your horse’s comfort and well-being are our top priorities.
Hannah,
The Saddle Fitting Therapist
I am a Qualified Saddle Fitter and Physical Therapist specialising in equine care, and while I aim to provide valuable insights and management strategies for kissing spines, I am not a veterinarian. Any diagnosis for kissing spines should be conducted by a licensed veterinarian. It is essential to consult with your vet for accurate diagnosis tailored to your horse's specific needs. The information provided in this blog is intended to supplement, not replace, professional veterinary advice.
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